海河二道闸和防潮闸优化调度研究

汛期为腾空海河河道并保证二道闸下咸水不致上溯，二道闸闸下水位应控制在1.0m左右。利用一维非恒定流模型对海河自西河闸至入海口河段进行数值模拟，研究了西河闸分流量为80、100、120m3/s3种情况下，海河防潮闸和二道闸优化调度结果。     

柴油机喷嘴内空穴流动可视化试验与数值模拟

柴油机喷雾特性除了与气缸内气流运动有关外,也与喷嘴内空穴流动有密切的关系.设计了比例放大多孔喷嘴内空穴流动和喷雾的可视化试验装置,进行了不同燃油喷射压力下喷嘴内空穴现象和喷雾的可视化试验,对所建喷嘴内空穴流动的三维数值计算模型进行了试验验证.采用试验和数值模拟相结合的方法分析了喷嘴内部流动从单相湍流流动发展为空穴流动、超空穴流动的流动特性,得出了喷嘴流量系数与喷射压力及空穴参数之间的关系以及喷嘴内出现空穴现象的临界条件.     

太湖平原水田区灌溉回归水分析

江苏太湖平原地区灌溉水源丰富,排水通畅,但由于年际水量分配不均,干旱仍时有发生。根据这一情况,对灌溉水的利用问题进行了研究。在大、小区水量平衡的基础上,提出了灌溉水的回归系数和回归水的重复利用系数,以及灌溉水的重复利用系数。为本区水利规划、用水管理和供水规划提供了可靠的依据。     

不同季节麻栎树干贮水量的动态变化

森林个体和群体耗水特性对区域水量平衡的影响是评价森林生态效应的重要依据.以往有关林木耗水的测定技术和计算方法已经取得较大进展,在单枝、叶片、单木、林分空间尺度上逐渐趋于成熟 (刘奉觉等,1997;孙慧珍等,2004),应用上述方法研究林分个体和群体的耗水性已经成为近年来林木水分生理生态和森林水文的研究热点.     

应用热扩散式探针法对南方红壤丘陵区湿地松人工林耗水量的研究

运用Granier热扩散式探针法对湿地松(Pinus elliottii)树干液流密度进行长期连续测定,并对其周围多个气象要素和土壤要素进行同步测定。湿地松生长旺季不同月份晴天液流密度日变化规律基本一致,但液流启动、到达峰值的时间以及开始升高、开始下降的时间间隔存在差异。样木解析结果表明,处于低龄期的湿地松,整个木质部都可看作边材,边材面积和胸径可用二次函数很好地拟合。方差分析结果表明:不同胸径湿地松树干液流密度不存在显著性差异,与胸径无紧密关系。回归分析结果表明:湿地松日累计液流量与边材面积呈显著的线性相关关系,相关关系的判定系数达0.99。另外,单位边材面积日累计液流量与入选各气象因素的相关性显著,相关程度大小顺序为光合有效辐射>冠层相对湿度>冠层温度。结合边材面积-胸径回归方程和样木胸径调查资料,分别采用2种方法推算整个标准地的耗水量。经比较,2种方法所得结果差别不大,各自适用于一定的范围。     

Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA: 2. Competition for water

A study was carried out in an alley cropping system in the Eastern Maize Belt of the United States with the objective of quantifying the competition for water between trees (black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) and red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Spatial and temporal variation in soil moisture, tree and maize rooting patterns, tree and maize water uptake, and maize leaf area expansion were determined in three treatments; barrier (polyethylene root barriers separating maize and tree roots), trench (trenching without a polyethylene barrier), and no barrier (control). Significant temporal variation in soil moisture was observed in both black walnut and red oak alley cropping systems. The barrier and trench treatments resulted in higher soil moisture in the maize alley and lower soil moisture in the tree row than the no barrier treatment. Uptake of water by maize was higher in the barrier than the no barrier treatment. However, tree water uptake was higher in the no barrier treatment than in the barrier treatment because tree roots utilized water from the maize alley. Maize leaf area was negatively impacted by water stress in the no barrier treatment. Quantification of rooting patterns revealed that maize and tree roots were concentrated in the top 30 cm soil layer where water fluctuations were greatest. The barrier and trench treatments successfully eliminated the belowground root competition between trees and maize and resulted in greater leaf area and higher grain yields than the no barrier treatment. Thus, competition for water rather than competition for light seems to be critical in defining the productivity and sustainability of this alley cropping system.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

用热扩散式茎流计测定园林树木蒸腾耗水量

采用热扩散式边材液流探针和环境自动监测系统对北京3种园林树木的树干液流及主要环境因子进行了一个生长季的同步观测.结果表明,3树种树干液流的日变化呈明显的单峰曲线,晴天的液流速率大于多云天和阴天,紫叶李和悬铃木的日耗水量明显大于元宝枫;对不同天气3树种每h的液流速率与相应的环境因子进行逐步回归分析.结果显示,影响3树种液流速率的主要环境因子是空气温度、空气相对湿度、辐射强度和5 cm土层温度,在不同天气里起主导作用的因子不同,环境因子与树干液流之间的数量关系能较好地预测树木的蒸腾耗水量.     

Spatially distributed morphological characteristics of macropores in forest soils of Hitachi Ohta Experimental Watershed, Japan

Morphological characteristics of macropores in forest soil profiles were investigated at Hitachi Ohta Experimental Watershed in Japan. Nine individual profiles at different locations (various spatial scales in a catchment) and twenty profiles at one site (a small spatial scale) were excavated to the bedrock to investigate density, origin, diameter, direction, and gradient of macropores. Macropore densities in a soil profile ranged from 3.5 to 29.1 per m and from 5.4 to 75.1 per m², respectively. Subsurface erosion, root channels, and interactions between subsurface erosion and root channels accounted for 36.9, 36.5, and 19.0%, of the described macropores. The mean macropore diameter in organic-rich soil layer (17–20 mm) was larger than in the B horizon (11–14 mm) at both spatial scales. The dominant gradients of all macropores in the organic-rich soil layer and B horizon were at negative oblique angles. Approximately 90% of the macropores in the organic-rich soil layer and approximately 80% of the macropores in the B horizon fell within the range between −50 and 50 degree planar direction. Subsurface flow and root systems are believed to play important roles in determining the morphological characteristics of macropores. These characteristics appear to have variable influences in different soil horizons rather than at different spatial scales. A part of this paper was presented at the 103th (1992) and 105th (1994) Annual Meetings of Japanese Forestry Society.     

森林采运系统中原条流最优控制的研究

运用系统分析理论，揭示了森林采运系统中原条流具有时空性、连续性、服务性、可控性和经济性的特征。以与原条流量有关的生产和贮存费之和最小，组织原条运输和贮木场作业均衡生产为目标，运用现代控制理论建立了原条流宏观和微观控制的数学模型。通过实例证明了“两段式运材工艺”比“冬贮夏运（流）工艺”，具有显著的经济效益。     

毛乌素沙地樟子松蒸腾变化规律及其与微气象因子的关系

本研究采用由热扩散植物液流技术测算得到的时间步长10 min的樟子松蒸腾速率数据,结合同步观测得到的冠层微气象要素值,分析了毛乌素沙区20年生樟子松主要生长季节蒸腾耗水规律及其冠层微气象的关系.结果表明:(1)樟子松蒸腾速率具有明显的时间变化特征.多云天气日,蒸腾速率日内变化总体呈多峰曲线趋势,单株蒸腾速率(Tr)在4-9月各月白天(6:00-19:00)的平均值为0.36～0.85 L·h-1;晴天日,除9月蒸腾速率日内变化呈多峰曲线趋势外,其余各月总体趋势呈单峰曲线,9月时Tr在10:00左右、13:00左右、15:00左右出现峰值,在14:00左右出现谷值.4-8月各月日内Tr在10:00左右出现峰值.4-9月各月Tr白天平均值为0.37～0.83 L·h-1;阴天天气日,蒸腾速率日内变化总体呈单峰曲线趋势,日内Tr最大值出现在10:00左右.4-9月各月Tr白天(6:00-19:00)平均值为0.29～0.63 L·h-1.在日际变化或季节变化方面,从4月份起,樟子松蒸腾耗水量逐渐增加,月耗水量在7月达到最高值,此后有所减小.4-9月总耗水量为1 143.7 mm,日平均为6.25 mm,7月份月耗水总量相对最大.4、5、6、7、8及9月耗水量分别占主要生长季节总量的10.76%、13.62%、14.05%、24.56%、19.47%、17.52%.(2)主要生长期内,Tr与冠层太阳总辐射(Ra),空气温度(Ta)、湿度(RH),风速(V)等气象要素有很好的复相关性,并通过显著性检验(a=0.01),且各月内影响樟子松蒸腾的最主要气象因子都是Ra.